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CHAPTER 7
COGNITION & LANGUAGE
HUBBLE TELESCOPE
-PROBLEM SOLVING
-COGNITION PSYCHOLOGY
-COGNITION
-THINKING & REASONING
-LANGUAGE
THINKING
-ONLY HUMANS CAN CONTEMPLATE, ANALYZE, RECOLLECT OR PLAN
-THINKING= THE MANIPULATION OF MENTAL REPRESENTATION OF INFORMATION
-REPRESENTATION= EXPRESSION, VISUAL PHOTO, SOUND OR OTHER DATA
-REPRESENTATIONS CHANGE INTO A SEVERAL FORM TO PERMIT PROBLEM SOLVING
-WE DO NOT REALLY KNOW HOW THIS KIND OF HAPPENS
-WE DO FIGURE OUT FUNDEMENTAL COMPONENTS
MENTAL PICTURES
-NOT SIMPLY VISUAL BUT AUDITORY AS WELL AS OTHER SENSES
-HAVE MANY OF THE PROPERTIES OF THE REAL OBJECT OR PERHAPS EVENT
-WE ARE ABLE TO SHAPE THE IMAGE IMAGE OF AN OBJECT
-CAN BE TAKEN TO IMPROVE NUMEROUS SKILLS
-BASKET BALL TRAINING
-REASERCH SHOWS THAT IT PERFORMS
-PIANO LESSONS, THREE GROUPS, SIMILAR BRAIN SCANS
IDEAS
-ORGANIZE PHENOMENA INTO BASIC CATEGORIES
-CLASSIFY NEW EXPIERIENCE ACCORDING TO PAST EXPIERIENCE
-CAR, BRAND NAME
-INFLUENCE THE BEHAVIOR, WHAT IS APPROPRIATE
-EARLY REASERCH, PRECISE SET OF FEATURES FOR EACH CATEGORY, WITHOUT FEATURES OBJECT DID NOT FIT
-MORE RELEVENT TO THE LIVES ARE MORE AMBITIOUS, HARD TO DEFINE
-THINK OF UNCERTAIN CONCEPTS WE THINK OF AN MODEL
-EXAMPLE= REPRESENTATIVE MODELS, EXAMPLES OF IDEAS THAT MOST PEOPLE WILL CONSENT
-ALLOWS ALL OF US TO THINK ABOUT THE WORLD
JUDGEMENTS
-WASH HANDS 20X PER DAY
-DOCTOR OR MENTAL PATIENT
-FRAME WORK WE ALL EXPIERIENCE THE BEHAVIOR
-CONCEPTS ENABLE US TO DRAW IDEAL CONCLUSIONS
REASONING
-PROCESS BY WHICH INFORMATION IS USED TO BRING CONCLUSIONS AND MAKE DECISIONS DEDUCTIVE
-DRAW INFERENCES FROM A SET OF PRESUMPTIONS THAT ARE AUTHENTIC
-SYLOGISM
-PREMISE CAN BE INNACURATE
-EVEN IN CASE THE LOGIC IS CORRECT THE PREMISE CAN BE WRONG
-EVEN IF REASONING IS NOT SOUND PEOPLE WILL BELIVE IT
-CULTURE PLAYS A SIGNIFICANT ROLE
INDUCTIVE
-USING A CERTAIN EXAMPLE WE MAKE BASIC RULES
-SHERLOCK HOLMES, PARTICULAR CLUES, INFER THE LEGAL
-WE EVERY USE INDUCTIVE REASONING
MENTAL SHORT REDUCTIONS
-ALOGRITHM, GUIDELINE IF ADOPTED WILL GUARANTEE A REMEDY, WE MAY NOT REALLY UNDERSTAND WHY, MATH FORMULAS
-HEURISTIC, A PRINCIPLE, MAY RESULT IN A SOLUTION NEVERTHELESS NO GUARENTEE
HEURISTIC
-CAN BACKFIRE
-REPRESENTATATIVE OF HEURISTIC, JUDGE PEOPLE ACCORDING INTO A CATEGORY, LEAD TO PREJUDICE
-MURDER VS DISEASE PLANE VERSUS AUTO
FIND SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
-TOWER OF HANOI PROBLEM
-HOW CAN WE SOLE LIFES SIMPLE DAILY PROBLEMS
-THREE MAJOR ACTIONS
-PREPARATION
-PRODUCTION OF SOLUTIONS
-EVALUATIONS OF EACH OPTION
PREPARATION
-UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM, ANY KIND OF RESTRICTIONS, VERY WELL DEFINED, MATH OR SICK DEFINED COMPLICATIONS, PEACE IN THE CENTRE EAST
-DEFINED, WELL DEFINE DINFORMATION, THINKING STRAIGHT FORWARD
TYPES OF COMPLICATIONS
-ARRANGEMENT, NUMBER OF ELEMENTS SHOULD BE ARRANGED TO MEET CRITERIA, LURE SAW PUZZLE
-INDUCING STRUCTURE, IDENTIFY THE PARTNERSHIP AMONG COMPONENTS, CONSTRUCT A FRESH RELATIONSHIP
-TRANSFORMATION, CHANGE AN INITIAL STATE USING A SERIES OF METHODS
-ANY PROBLEM INITIAL STAGE OF UNDERSTANDING IS CRITICAL TO PROBLEM SOLVING
-FILTER OUT TRIVIAL INFORMATION TO SIMPLIFY DUTIES
-CRITICAL THE WAY WE REPRESENT THE SITUATION TO OUSELEVES AND THEN PLAN THE INFORMATION
-PRODUCTION, RETRIEVE ANSWER FROM LONG-TERM MEMORY
-TRIAL & PROBLEM, MOST PRIMITIVE METHOD, MAY SPEND A LIFE TIME & NOT REALLY FIND ANSWER
-MEANS AND ANALYSIS, HEURISTIC ONLY WORK IF THERE IS ALSO A DIRECT REMEDY
-SUBGOALS, HEURISTIC, DIVIDE PROBLEM INTO ACTIONS, TOWER OF HANOI
-NOT ALL PROBLEMS CAN BE DIVIDED OR AS WELL COMPLICATED
-INSIGHT, SUDDEN KNOWLEDGE NOT A STEP BY STE PROCESS
-WOLFGANG KOHLER, 1927, CHIMPS
-PRIOR EXPERIENCE TRIAL & ERROR ARE REQUIREMENTS FOR UNDERSTANDING
JUDGEMENTS
-FINAL STEP OF THE PROCESS
-CLEAR SOLUTION, MATH PROBLEM
-IF NOT TANGIBLE, MAKE A JUDGEMENT
-WE ARE NOT ALWAYS THE BEST EVALUATE OF OUR JOB, INFLUENCED SIMPLY BY OUR PAST EXPERIENCE
-CREATE OBSTACLES, BIASES
IMPEDIMENTS TO PROBLEM SOLVING
-DIFFICULT PROBLEM DUE TO PRESENTATION
-THE PRESENTATION WITH THE PROBLEM CAN EFFECT THE EASE OF ANSWER
-WE ALL THINK ALONG A LOGICAL SEQUENCE TO SOLVE PROBLEMS
FUNCTIONAL FLEXEDNESS
-CANDLE PROBLEM, THOUGHT OF THE AS SIMPLY AS A CONTAINER
-PEN, LADIES HOSIERY
-MENTAL SET, DIFFICULTY TH #6, IF SHOWN FIRST YOU SHOULD HAVE UNDERSTAND PROBLEM
-ID PROBLEM on the lookout for DOTS
INCORRECT EVALUATION OF SOLUTIONS
-THREE MILE ISLE, FACULTY KEEP AN EYE ON, EVEN WHEN SECOND MONIOR STATES MELT STRAIGHT DOWN
-CONFORMATION TENDENCY, EFFORT TO RETHINK PROBLEMS, HUMANS HAPPEN TO BE CRAZY
IMAGINATION
-WE WILL GIVE EXAMPLES ALTHOUGH NOT STUDY THEIR PARTS, CAN EASILY STUDY SOME FACTORS
-DIVERGENT THINKING, CREATE UNUSUAL NEVERTHELESS APPROPRIATE ALTERNATIVES
-CONVERGENT CONSIDERING
-WILLINGNESS FOR TAKING RISKS, SUBSTANTIAL PAY OFF OR PERHAPS HIGH EMBARASSMENT
-CONGITIVE COMPLEXITY, PREFERENCE PERTAINING TO INTRICATE & ELABURATE, INTRICATE THINKING PATTERNS
LANGUAGE
-SYSTEMATIC MEANINGFUL ARRANGEMENT OF ICONS
-LEWIS CARROLL non-sense POEM
-CONGNITIVE POTENTIAL NECESSARY FOR CONVERSATION
-LINK BETWEEN HOW WE THINK, UNDERSTAND OUR SOCIETY AND EACH OF OUR LANGUAGE
ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE
-GRAMMAR, SYSTEM OF RULES THAT GOVERN OUR PHRASE
-PHONOLOGY, SOUNDS TO TERMS
-SYNTAX, HOW WORDS AND PHRASES HAPPEN TO BE CONSTRUCTED
-SEMANTICS, MEANING OF WORDS
DIALECT DEVELOPMENT
-BABYS BABBLE, 3-4 MONTHS TO A 12 MONTHS
-VOCALIZE ALMOST ALL POSSIBLE APPEARS IN ALL LANGUAGE
-DEAF KIDS BABBLE
-OTHER LANGUAGE APPEARS DISSAPEAR BY SIMPLY AGE ONE
-AFTER ONE YEAR, PUT WORDS AND PHRASES TOGETHER TO COMMUNICATE
-2 YEAR OLD FEATURES 250 WORD VOCABULARY
-2 12 YEAR OLD, SEVERAL HUNDRED
-5 YEAR OLD HAS LEARNED FUNDAMENTAL RULES OF GRAMMAR
LEARNING- THEORY WAY
-CONDITIONING & RIENFORCEMENT
-BABBLING, ADULTS RIENFORCE CERTAIN SEEMS
-SHAPES THE CHILDS CONVERSATION
NOAM CHOMSKY
-INATE MECHANISM, BORN WITH A LINGUISTIC ABILITY THAT FEATURES AS A RESULT OF MATURATION
