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Crouzon syndrome is a very rare craniofacial (craniosynostosis) disorder where the bone fragments of the head fuse too soon. The unwanted synostosis with the coronal, sagittal, or lambdoidal sutures starts within the 1st year of life and sometimes leads to distinct growth patterns of the skull. The irregular growth impacts the shape from the head and face along with how the the teeth in the upper and lower jaws line up2. Additional phenotypes include incorrect formation of eye sockets, large arched palate, cleft palate, midfacial hypoplasia, overcrowding of teeth, beaked nose, and upper breathing obstruction. The severity of those signs and associated symptoms varies between affected people. Crouzon’s symptoms is strictly limited to appearance and qualities as it does not have effect on the IQ amount of the damaged children.
Crouzon’s problem was first uncovered by Octave Crouzon, a French neurologist who also looked at a mother and a son with indications of cranial deformities in 1912. He recognized it as one of the varieties of craniofacial dysostosis due to premature fusion of the coronal and sagittal sutures. Crouzon’s syndrome, currently, makes up about 5% of all cases of craniosynostoses. Crouzon’s affliction occurs in approximately you in 60, 000 births in the US approximately 1 in 25, 500 worldwide1. At present, there are simply no clear preferences of race or sex, however , it absolutely was recently present in a case examine that women tend to have a slightly higher chance than men to obtain the defect.
Crouzons problem has complete penetrance, changing expressivity, and is also an autosomal dominant disorder. One backup of the mutated gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder2. If perhaps someone having a normal phenotype was to companion with anyone who has Crouzon’s affliction, approximately half the offspring can be affected regardless of their sex as the risk is the same for both males and females. Although it is an autosomal dominant affliction, in most individuals, the disorder occurs due to de novo (spontaneous) variations which can either occur in the egg or perhaps sperm cell5. In cases like these, the syndrome is indirectly inherited in the parents.
Crouzons problem is mainly due to mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene which is mapped on chromosome 10q25″q262. It was learned that 5% of those who have Crouzon’s Syndrome have got a changement in the transmembrane region of FGFR3 upon chromosome 4p16. 33. These types of cases had been observed in people that also had acanthosis nigricans. The FGFR2 gene regulates the availability of a healthy proteins known as a fibroblast growth aspect receptor (FGFR). Mutations in the FGFR2 gene overstimulate signaling by the FGFR2 protein, which causes the our bones of the head to fuse prematurely. This kind of results in malocclusions of bone tissue development and growth, which usually eventually contributes to certain altération in the craniofacial region.
It has likewise recently been found that mutations in the FGFR2 gene may cause similar disorders, including Apert syndrome, isolated coronal synostosis, Beare-Stevenson syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, and Jackson-Weiss problem.
